Reported speech em inglês
O reported speech em inglês, também conhecido como discurso indireto, é a forma de reportar o que alguém disse sem citar as palavras exatas. Ele é fundamental para a comunicação, pois permite transmitir mensagens e conversas de forma mais natural e fluida.
Este recurso gramatical é amplamente utilizado em textos, notícias, conversas cotidianas e acadêmicas, sendo essencial para quem busca fluência e precisão no idioma. Compreender o reported speech é crucial para vestibulares como o ENEM, onde a interpretação de textos e a compreensão de estruturas gramaticais são frequentemente avaliadas.
Dominar o reported speech não apenas aprimora a escrita e a fala, mas também facilita a compreensão de discursos e narrativas, tornando a comunicação em inglês mais eficaz e sofisticada.
Características do Reported Speech
As principais características do reported speech em inglês são:
- Mudança de tempo verbal (backshift): Geralmente, o tempo verbal do verbo principal da frase reportada “recua” um tempo.
- Mudança de pronomes e advérbios: Pronomes pessoais, possessivos e advérbios de tempo e lugar são ajustados para refletir a nova perspectiva.
- Uso de verbos introdutórios: Verbos como say, tell, ask, report introduzem a fala reportada.
- Omissão ou uso de “that”: A palavra “that” pode ser usada após o verbo introdutório, mas é frequentemente omitida em falas informais.
- Adaptação de perguntas e comandos: Perguntas e comandos têm estruturas específicas no reported speech.
Regras de Mudança de Tempo Verbal (Backshift)
Uma das regras mais importantes do reported speech é a mudança (ou “backshift”) dos tempos verbais. Quando o verbo introdutório (como said ou told) está no passado, o tempo verbal da fala original geralmente muda para um tempo mais “recuado”.
A tabela abaixo ilustra as principais mudanças:
| Discurso Direto | Reported Speech | Exemplo Direto | Exemplo Indireto |
|---|---|---|---|
| Simple Present | Simple Past | He said, “I am happy.” | He said that he was happy. |
| Present Continuous | Past Continuous | She said, “I am working.” | She said that she was working. |
| Simple Past | Past Perfect | He said, “I went to the park.” | He said that he had gone to the park. |
| Present Perfect | Past Perfect | They said, “We have finished.” | They said that they had finished. |
| Past Continuous | Past Perfect Continuous | She said, “I was reading.” | She said that she had been reading. |
| Future (Will) | Conditional (Would) | He said, “I will go.” | He said that he would go. |
| Can | Could | She said, “I can swim.” | She said that she could swim. |
| May | Might | He said, “I may come.” | He said that he might come. |
| Must / Have to | Had to | She said, “I must study.” | She said that she had to study. |
Exceções ao Backshift:
- Fatos universais ou verdades gerais: O tempo verbal não muda se a afirmação for uma verdade universal.
Direct: He said, “The Earth is round.”
Reported: He said that the Earth is round. - Verbos introdutórios no presente: Se o verbo introdutório estiver no presente (ex: He says…), o tempo verbal da fala reportada não muda.
Direct: He says, “I am tired.”
Reported: He says that he is tired.
Mudanças de Pronomes e Advérbios
Além dos tempos verbais, pronomes, advérbios de tempo e lugar também precisam ser ajustados para refletir o contexto do reported speech.
Pronomes
Pronomes pessoais e possessivos mudam para concordar com o sujeito e o objeto da frase reportada.
- Exemplo:
Direct: “I like my new car,” she said.
Reported: She said that she liked her new car.
Advérbios de Tempo e Lugar
Advérbios de tempo e lugar, que indicam proximidade na fala direta, mudam para indicar distância no reported speech.
| Discurso Direto | Reported Speech |
|---|---|
| Now | Then |
| Today | That day |
| Yesterday | The day before / The previous day |
| Tomorrow | The next day / The following day |
| Last week | The week before / The previous week |
| Next month | The month after / The following month |
| Here | There |
| This | That |
| These | Those |
- Exemplo:
Direct: He said, “I will travel tomorrow.”
Reported: He said that he would travel the next day.
Reported Speech para Perguntas e Comandos
Perguntas e comandos possuem estruturas específicas no reported speech.
Perguntas (Reported Questions)
- Perguntas “Yes/No” (com “if” ou “whether”):
Direct: She asked, “Are you coming?”
Reported: She asked if I was coming. - Perguntas “Wh-” (com palavras interrogativas):
Direct: He asked, “Where do you live?”
Reported: He asked where I lived. - Ordem das palavras: Em reported questions, a estrutura é de uma frase afirmativa (sujeito + verbo), não de pergunta.
Direct: She asked, “What is your name?”
Reported: She asked what my name was.
Comandos e Pedidos (Reported Commands/Requests)
Comandos e pedidos são geralmente reportados usando um verbo introdutório seguido de um infinitivo com “to”.
- Comandos afirmativos:
Direct: He said, “Close the door!”
Reported: He told me to close the door. - Comandos negativos:
Direct: She said, “Don’t touch that!”
Reported: She told me not to touch that.
Exemplos Práticos de Reported Speech
Para compreender melhor, veja os exemplos abaixo que ilustram as diferentes situações:
Exemplo 1 (Afirmativa):
Direct: “I am studying for my exams,” said Mariana.
Reported: Mariana said that she was studying for her exams.
Neste exemplo, “I” muda para “she” e “am studying” (Present Continuous) muda para “was studying” (Past Continuous).
Exemplo 2 (Negativa):
Direct: “We don’t have enough time,” they complained.
Reported: They complained that they didn’t have enough time.
Aqui, “don’t have” (Simple Present negativo) torna-se “didn’t have” (Simple Past negativo).
Exemplo 3 (Pergunta “Wh-“):
Direct: “What did you do yesterday?” the teacher asked John.
Reported: The teacher asked John what he had done the day before.
A pergunta “What did you do” (Simple Past) vira “what he had done” (Past Perfect), e “yesterday” muda para “the day before”.
Exemplo 4 (Comando):
Direct: “Please, help me with my homework,” Maria asked her brother.
Reported: Maria asked her brother to help her with her homework.
O pedido é transformado em um infinitivo com “to help”.
Exercícios com Gabarito
1. (ENEM-2022)
Analise a frase a seguir no discurso direto:
The scientist said, “I have discovered a new planet this week.”
Qual a forma correta desta frase no reported speech?
- a) The scientist said that he had discovered a new planet this week.
- b) The scientist said that he has discovered a new planet that week.
- c) The scientist said that he had discovered a new planet that week.
- d) The scientist said that he discovered a new planet this week.
- e) The scientist said that he was discovering a new planet this week.
Resposta: Alternativa c: A frase “I have discovered” (Present Perfect) muda para “he had discovered” (Past Perfect) e o advérbio de tempo “this week” muda para “that week”.
2. (FUVEST-2021)
Transforme a seguinte pergunta do discurso direto para o reported speech:
She asked, “Will you join us for dinner tomorrow?”
- a) She asked if I will join them for dinner the next day.
- b) She asked if I would join us for dinner tomorrow.
- c) She asked if I would join them for dinner the next day.
- d) She asked if I can join them for dinner the next day.
- e) She asked if you would join them for dinner tomorrow.
Resposta: Alternativa c: “Will you join” (Future Simple) se torna “I would join” (Conditional), “us” muda para “them” e “tomorrow” para “the next day”.
3. (UNESP-2020)
Escolha a opção que melhor representa a conversão do comando para reported speech:
The doctor told the patient, “Don’t eat fatty foods.”
- a) The doctor told the patient to not eat fatty foods.
- b) The doctor told the patient that he shouldn’t eat fatty foods.
- c) The doctor told the patient not to eat fatty foods.
- d) The doctor told the patient he didn’t eat fatty foods.
- e) The doctor told the patient if he would not eat fatty foods.
Resposta: Alternativa c: Comandos negativos no reported speech são formados com “not to” + infinitivo.
4. (ENEM-2019)
Analise a seguinte situação e complete a frase no reported speech:
João disse a Maria: “I saw you at the library last night.”
João told Maria that he ________ at the library ________.
- a) saw her / the night before
- b) had seen her / the night before
- c) has seen her / last night
- d) had seen her / last night
- e) would see her / that night
Resposta: Alternativa b: “I saw” (Simple Past) muda para “he had seen” (Past Perfect) e “last night” para “the night before”.
5. (UEL-2018)
Considere a frase no discurso direto:
“I can’t meet you here today,” said Peter.
Qual a opção correta para o reported speech?
- a) Peter said that he couldn’t meet me there that day.
- b) Peter said that he can’t meet me here today.
- c) Peter said that he couldn’t meet you there today.
- d) Peter said that he can’t meet me there that day.
- e) Peter said that he would not meet me here today.
Resposta: Alternativa a: “I can’t” (can’t) muda para “he couldn’t”, “you” muda para “me” (assumindo que a pessoa que reporta é “me”), “here” muda para “there” e “today” para “that day”.
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