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Reported speech em inglês

O reported speech em inglês , também conhecido como discurso indireto, é a forma de reportar o que alguém disse sem citar as palavras exatas.

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Reported speech em inglês

O reported speech em inglês, também conhecido como discurso indireto, é a forma de reportar o que alguém disse sem citar as palavras exatas. Ele é fundamental para a comunicação, pois permite transmitir mensagens e conversas de forma mais natural e fluida.

Este recurso gramatical é amplamente utilizado em textos, notícias, conversas cotidianas e acadêmicas, sendo essencial para quem busca fluência e precisão no idioma. Compreender o reported speech é crucial para vestibulares como o ENEM, onde a interpretação de textos e a compreensão de estruturas gramaticais são frequentemente avaliadas.

Dominar o reported speech não apenas aprimora a escrita e a fala, mas também facilita a compreensão de discursos e narrativas, tornando a comunicação em inglês mais eficaz e sofisticada.

Características do Reported Speech

As principais características do reported speech em inglês são:

  • Mudança de tempo verbal (backshift): Geralmente, o tempo verbal do verbo principal da frase reportada “recua” um tempo.
  • Mudança de pronomes e advérbios: Pronomes pessoais, possessivos e advérbios de tempo e lugar são ajustados para refletir a nova perspectiva.
  • Uso de verbos introdutórios: Verbos como say, tell, ask, report introduzem a fala reportada.
  • Omissão ou uso de “that”: A palavra “that” pode ser usada após o verbo introdutório, mas é frequentemente omitida em falas informais.
  • Adaptação de perguntas e comandos: Perguntas e comandos têm estruturas específicas no reported speech.

Regras de Mudança de Tempo Verbal (Backshift)

Uma das regras mais importantes do reported speech é a mudança (ou “backshift”) dos tempos verbais. Quando o verbo introdutório (como said ou told) está no passado, o tempo verbal da fala original geralmente muda para um tempo mais “recuado”.

A tabela abaixo ilustra as principais mudanças:

Discurso Direto Reported Speech Exemplo Direto Exemplo Indireto
Simple Present Simple Past He said, “I am happy.” He said that he was happy.
Present Continuous Past Continuous She said, “I am working.” She said that she was working.
Simple Past Past Perfect He said, “I went to the park.” He said that he had gone to the park.
Present Perfect Past Perfect They said, “We have finished.” They said that they had finished.
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous She said, “I was reading.” She said that she had been reading.
Future (Will) Conditional (Would) He said, “I will go.” He said that he would go.
Can Could She said, “I can swim.” She said that she could swim.
May Might He said, “I may come.” He said that he might come.
Must / Have to Had to She said, “I must study.” She said that she had to study.

Exceções ao Backshift:

  • Fatos universais ou verdades gerais: O tempo verbal não muda se a afirmação for uma verdade universal.

    Direct: He said, “The Earth is round.”
    Reported: He said that the Earth is round.

  • Verbos introdutórios no presente: Se o verbo introdutório estiver no presente (ex: He says…), o tempo verbal da fala reportada não muda.

    Direct: He says, “I am tired.”
    Reported: He says that he is tired.

Mudanças de Pronomes e Advérbios

Além dos tempos verbais, pronomes, advérbios de tempo e lugar também precisam ser ajustados para refletir o contexto do reported speech.

Pronomes

Pronomes pessoais e possessivos mudam para concordar com o sujeito e o objeto da frase reportada.

  • Exemplo:

    Direct: “I like my new car,” she said.
    Reported: She said that she liked her new car.

Advérbios de Tempo e Lugar

Advérbios de tempo e lugar, que indicam proximidade na fala direta, mudam para indicar distância no reported speech.

Discurso Direto Reported Speech
Now Then
Today That day
Yesterday The day before / The previous day
Tomorrow The next day / The following day
Last week The week before / The previous week
Next month The month after / The following month
Here There
This That
These Those
  • Exemplo:

    Direct: He said, “I will travel tomorrow.”
    Reported: He said that he would travel the next day.

Reported Speech para Perguntas e Comandos

Perguntas e comandos possuem estruturas específicas no reported speech.

Perguntas (Reported Questions)

  • Perguntas “Yes/No” (com “if” ou “whether”):

    Direct: She asked, “Are you coming?”
    Reported: She asked if I was coming.

  • Perguntas “Wh-” (com palavras interrogativas):

    Direct: He asked, “Where do you live?”
    Reported: He asked where I lived.

  • Ordem das palavras: Em reported questions, a estrutura é de uma frase afirmativa (sujeito + verbo), não de pergunta.

    Direct: She asked, “What is your name?”
    Reported: She asked what my name was.

Comandos e Pedidos (Reported Commands/Requests)

Comandos e pedidos são geralmente reportados usando um verbo introdutório seguido de um infinitivo com “to”.

  • Comandos afirmativos:

    Direct: He said, “Close the door!”
    Reported: He told me to close the door.

  • Comandos negativos:

    Direct: She said, “Don’t touch that!”
    Reported: She told me not to touch that.

Exemplos Práticos de Reported Speech

Para compreender melhor, veja os exemplos abaixo que ilustram as diferentes situações:

Exemplo 1 (Afirmativa):

Direct: “I am studying for my exams,” said Mariana.
Reported: Mariana said that she was studying for her exams.

Neste exemplo, “I” muda para “she” e “am studying” (Present Continuous) muda para “was studying” (Past Continuous).

Exemplo 2 (Negativa):

Direct: “We don’t have enough time,” they complained.
Reported: They complained that they didn’t have enough time.

Aqui, “don’t have” (Simple Present negativo) torna-se “didn’t have” (Simple Past negativo).

Exemplo 3 (Pergunta “Wh-“):

Direct: “What did you do yesterday?” the teacher asked John.
Reported: The teacher asked John what he had done the day before.

A pergunta “What did you do” (Simple Past) vira “what he had done” (Past Perfect), e “yesterday” muda para “the day before”.

Exemplo 4 (Comando):

Direct: “Please, help me with my homework,” Maria asked her brother.
Reported: Maria asked her brother to help her with her homework.

O pedido é transformado em um infinitivo com “to help”.

Exercícios com Gabarito

1. (ENEM-2022)

Analise a frase a seguir no discurso direto:

The scientist said, “I have discovered a new planet this week.”

Qual a forma correta desta frase no reported speech?

  • a) The scientist said that he had discovered a new planet this week.
  • b) The scientist said that he has discovered a new planet that week.
  • c) The scientist said that he had discovered a new planet that week.
  • d) The scientist said that he discovered a new planet this week.
  • e) The scientist said that he was discovering a new planet this week.

Resposta: Alternativa c: A frase “I have discovered” (Present Perfect) muda para “he had discovered” (Past Perfect) e o advérbio de tempo “this week” muda para “that week”.

2. (FUVEST-2021)

Transforme a seguinte pergunta do discurso direto para o reported speech:

She asked, “Will you join us for dinner tomorrow?”

  • a) She asked if I will join them for dinner the next day.
  • b) She asked if I would join us for dinner tomorrow.
  • c) She asked if I would join them for dinner the next day.
  • d) She asked if I can join them for dinner the next day.
  • e) She asked if you would join them for dinner tomorrow.

Resposta: Alternativa c: “Will you join” (Future Simple) se torna “I would join” (Conditional), “us” muda para “them” e “tomorrow” para “the next day”.

3. (UNESP-2020)

Escolha a opção que melhor representa a conversão do comando para reported speech:

The doctor told the patient, “Don’t eat fatty foods.”

  • a) The doctor told the patient to not eat fatty foods.
  • b) The doctor told the patient that he shouldn’t eat fatty foods.
  • c) The doctor told the patient not to eat fatty foods.
  • d) The doctor told the patient he didn’t eat fatty foods.
  • e) The doctor told the patient if he would not eat fatty foods.

Resposta: Alternativa c: Comandos negativos no reported speech são formados com “not to” + infinitivo.

4. (ENEM-2019)

Analise a seguinte situação e complete a frase no reported speech:

João disse a Maria: “I saw you at the library last night.”

João told Maria that he ________ at the library ________.

  • a) saw her / the night before
  • b) had seen her / the night before
  • c) has seen her / last night
  • d) had seen her / last night
  • e) would see her / that night

Resposta: Alternativa b: “I saw” (Simple Past) muda para “he had seen” (Past Perfect) e “last night” para “the night before”.

5. (UEL-2018)

Considere a frase no discurso direto:

“I can’t meet you here today,” said Peter.

Qual a opção correta para o reported speech?

  • a) Peter said that he couldn’t meet me there that day.
  • b) Peter said that he can’t meet me here today.
  • c) Peter said that he couldn’t meet you there today.
  • d) Peter said that he can’t meet me there that day.
  • e) Peter said that he would not meet me here today.

Resposta: Alternativa a: “I can’t” (can’t) muda para “he couldn’t”, “you” muda para “me” (assumindo que a pessoa que reporta é “me”), “here” muda para “there” e “today” para “that day”.

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